2 – Health and Deseases
Q. 1
Identify the odd term :
(1)
Malaria, hepatitis, elephantiasis, dengue.
(2)
Plague, AIDS, Cholera, T.B.
Ans.
(1) Hepatitis (All other diseases are caused by the carrier mosquito.)
(2)
AIDS [All others are bacterial (caused by bacteria) diseases.]
Q. 2
Distinguish between the following:
(1)
Infectious and non-infectious diseases :
Infectious
diseases
Non-infectious diseases
1. The
diseases which can be transmitted 1. The diseases which cannot be
from one patient to other person, are . transmitted
from one patient to other
infectious
diseases .
person, are non-infectious diseases.
2.
Contaminated air, water, food or carrier/ 2. Non-infectious diseases not transmitted
vector
animals or insects spread the through any medium.
infectious
diseases.
3.
Infectious diseases are acute diseases as 3. Some non-infectious diseases are due to
they
are suddenly caused due to infections hereditary causes, some are due to failure
from
either bacteria, virus or protozoan. in metabolism, some due to deficiency
of
Thus,
their symptoms are seen sooner. the nutrients. Their symptoms are not
seen
suddenly
but are developed gradually.
4. Antibiotics or antihelminth medicines are 4.
Antibiotics cannot be used for treating
used
to treat the infectious diseases.
non-infectious diseases. These diseases
E.g.
Tuberculosis, hepatitis, leprosy,
have a proper treatment.
cough
and cold, etc. E.g.
Diabetes, cancer, heart diseases, etc.
Q. 3
Make a list :
(1)
Viral diseases.
Ans. AIDS, Hepatitis, Influenza, Rabies,Polio.
(2)
Bacterial diseases.
Ans. Typhoid, Tuberculosis, Cholera, Leprosy.
(3)
Diseases spread through insects.
Ans. Malaria,
Dengue, Elephantiasis.
(4)
Hereditary diseases.
Ans.
Diabetes, Haemophilia, Muscular dystrophy, Colourblindness.
Q. 4
What can be achieved/can be prevented?/Give reasons.
(1)
Drinking boiled and filtered water.
Ans.
(1) When water is boiled, all the disease causing pathogens present in it are
killed. (2) Different diseases like cholera, enteritis, diarrhoea, dysentery,
hepatitis, typhoid are caused by such water-borne pathogens. (3) If we boil the
water we are protected against all such diseases. (4) If the water is filtered
we can avoid infections from nematode Dracunculus
which causes Naru. By boiling and
filtering water, even the epidemics by such infectious diseases can be
controlled.
(2)
Avoiding smoking and alcoholism.
Ans.
(1) Smoking and alcoholism are two dangerous habits that cause addictions.
Alcoholism causes disorders of liver. (2) The addict suffers from
malnourishment. (3) His mental and psychological conditions become abnormal.
There is social and familial impacts too due to alcoholism. (4) Smoking is an invitation for cancer. In cigarettes/
bidis, there is hazardous nicotine. Nicotine is not only toxic but is also
carcinogenic. Cancers of oral cavity, tongue, respiratory tract, lungs is very
common among smokers. Therefore, addictions like smoking! and alcoholism should
always be avoided.
(3) Proper checking of blood before blood
donation.
Ans.
(1) There are definite blood groups. (2) During blood transfusion, the donor's
and recipient's blood should be well-matched with each other. Otherwise, blood
gets clumped inside the body of recipient. (3) Through infected blood, the
viruses such as those causing hepatitis B or AIDS are transmitted to other
healthy persons. Thus, for prevention of transmission of such diseases, blood
should be checked before blood donation.
(4) Regular balanced diet and
exercise.
Ans. (1) Regular and balanced diet results into perfect
health. The disease fighting power or immunity of a person is increased due to
healthy diet. (2) One can avoid of frequent infections and also mental
wellbeing is established. (3) Heart disease, diabetes, obesity, etc. can be
avoided by not consuming high caloric junk food. (4) Exercise improves blood
circulation. Many disorders which are caused by faulty lifestyle can be
prevented by having regular balanced diet and exercise, thus one must always follow
these for well-being.
Q. 5
Answer the following questions in one
sentence :
(1) Which are various media of spreading the
infectious diseases?
Ans.
Infectious diseases spread through contaminated air, water, food, vectors such
as insects, animals and man.
(2)
Give the names of five noninfectious diseases other than given in the lesson.
Ans.
Asthma, cataract, diseases of kidney such as kidney stones and renal failure,
arthritis, Alzheimer which is a condition during old age, hypertension,
migraine, etc.
(3)
Which are the main reasons of diabetes and heart diseases?
Ans.
Improper lifestyle, wrong type of diet, lack of exercise, excessive mental
stress and strain, imbalance in secretion of hormones, etc. are the main
reasons for diabetes and heart diseases.
Q. 6
Give the preventive measures of following diseases :
(1) Dengue
:
Ans:
Dengue is transmitted through bite of mosquito of Aedes aegypti. DEN-1, 2 virus belonging to the type - flavivirus is
the causative pathogen for Dengue. Wherever there is stagnant or accumulated
water, there is possibility of mosquito breeding. Therefore, care is to be
taken to drain of such water. Thus this is a very important preventive measure.
Especially, in the man-made containers and in clean water, the Aedes mosquito prefers to breed.
Therefore, such water storages should be either covered or should be decanted.
Another way to keep off from dengue is to increase our immunity to fight
against the virus. There is vaccine called CYD-TDV or Dengvaxia which is synthesised in 2017. But it is still not
considered to be completely safe.
(2)
Cancer :
Ans.
The most important preventive measure is to remain away from the carcinogenic
substances. Tobacco, gutkha,
cigarette, bidi, etc. are addictive things which are very bad for our health.
The nicotine present in these cause cancers of oral cavity and of respiratory
system. Radiations can also cause cancer. We should not expose ourselves to
hazardous radiations. Balanced and healthy diet, proper exercise and living
stress free with mental balance are some of the preventive measures of the cancer.
Only for few types of cancer like cervical cancer in women, vaccine has been
developed
(3)
AIDS:
Ans.
When blood transfusion is done, the blood should be checked for the presence of
HIV. The used syringes, needles, etc. should not be used without sterilization.
Through blood and blood products and body fluids HIV finds its way into the
body. Therefore, these precautions should be taken. Unsafe sexual contact is
the most important mode of transmission of HIV. Thus one should never deal with
such dangerous acts. Awareness about AIDS and HIV is the real preventive
measure.
Q. 7 Explain the importance :
(1)
Balanced diet.
Ans.
The diet that contains all the nutrients in the balanced proportion is called
balanced diet. One can malnutrition by taking balanced diet. The immunity
increases due to balanced diet containing good proportion of vitamins and
minerals. Some diseases can be avoided due to raised immunity. Wrong lifestyle
and wrong diet can cause hypertension, diabetes or heart disease. To maintain
our health and keep the body in equilibrium, we have to take balanced diet.
(2)
Physical exercise/Yogasanas.
Ans.
By exercise and yoga, the blood circulation of body is improved. Body and
joints remain flexible. Mental strain and stress is reduced. Insomnia (inability
to fall asleep), arthritis, indigestion, and some other disorders can be
avoided. The person who performs exercise, always remains away from the
addictions. Yoga makes levels of hormones, enzymes, etc. in equilibrium. By
keeping control over breathing through pranayama many respiratory and
circulatory disorders can be prevented.
Q. 8 Read the passage and answer the questions :
Master
'X' is a 3-year-old child. He is living with his family in a slum. Public
toilet is present near his house. His father is a drunkard. His mother does not
know the importance of balanced diet.
(1)
Master 'X' can suffer from which different possible diseases in above conditions?
Ans.
Master 'X' stays in an area which is devoid of cleanliness. The public toilet
is near his house. This indicates that he will have to fight against many
infectious diseases. Because his father is a drunkard, Il there will always be
a dearth of money in the house. He may not be able to afford enough and
balanced food. Thus his diet must be deficient in vitamins and minerals.
Moreover, his mother is ignorant about the importance of health and balanced
diet. This must be causing Master 'X' malnourishment and loss of immunity. The
financial conditions and the addiction of the father must be causing stress in
the house. This will further add stress on Master 'X' resulting into
susceptibility to infections. As it is due to the location the germs are around
and thus they may be attacking Master 'X'. He will on and off suffer from
digestive disorders such as typhoid, hepatitis, cholera, enteritis, etc.
(2)
How will you help him and his family in this situation?
Ans.
Initially, we shall help Master 'X' to procure healthy and balanced diet having
fruits, vegetables, milk, etc. His mother will be taught importance of the
balanced diet. The surroundings should be clean and hygienic. Food should be
covered, houseflies should not be allowed to contaminate the food. Germicidal
floor cleaners and disinfectants should be used to keep off the houseflies and
cockroaches. His father will be taken to de-addiction centres such as
'Alcoholics Anonymous'. He will be persuaded to leave alcoholism.
(3)
Which disease can occur to the father of master 'X'?
Ans.
Father of Master 'X' can develop diseases of liver and kidney.
Q 9. Write the information on modern diagnostics and treatments of cancer.
Ans. (1) Following methods are used as diagnostic methods to
detect the cancer.
Techniques like CT scan, MRI scan mammography, biopsy.
Treatment of the cancer is done by the following methods :
(2) For treatment of cancer, some conventional methods are
used. Along with these methods, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery are
commonly used t treat cancerous growth and tumours. New and modern techniques
of robotic and laparoscopic surgery are also used for the treatment.
Q. 10 Questions based on charts/tables :
(1) Complete the table : Prepare
similar table of information as the table given on page 7 about various disease
like enteritis, malaria, plague and leprosy*.
|
Name of the diseases |
Pathogen
|
Mode of infection
|
Symptoms |
Prevention and treatment |
|
(1) Enteritis
|
Infectious bacteria, virus, worms or ingestion of harmful
chemical substances. |
Contaminated food, water or other drinks |
Stomach-ache, fever, vomiting, Anorxia, loss of body
weight, loose motion and constipation the food. alternating with each other.
|
Proper medicines,ORS, Light diet, safe food and water.
Personal hygiene, covering the food |
