11- Human Body and
Organ System
Q 1.Fill in the blanks using appropriate words given in the brackets :
(haemoglobin,
alkaline, diaphragm, red bone marrow, acidic, voluntary, involuntary)
(1) RBCs of the blood contain……….. an iron compound.
(2)........
is present between thoracic and abdominal cavity.
(3)
Cardiac muscles are ……….
(4)
pH of oxygenated blood is …………
(5)
Production of RBCs occurs in .........
Ans.
(1) RBCs of the blood contain haemoglobin, an iron compound.
(2)
Diaphragm is present between thoracic and abdominal cavity.
(3)
Cardiac muscles are involuntary.
(4)
pH of oxygenated blood is alkaline.
(5)
Production of RBCs occurs in red bone marrow.
Q.
2 Find the odd one out.
(1)
A, O, K, AB, B.
(2)
Blood plasma, platelets, blood transfusion, blood corpuscles.
(3)
Trachea, alveoli, diaphragm, capillaries.
(4)
Neutrophils, globulins, albumins, prothrombin
Ans.
(1) K (All others are blood groups.)
(2) Blood transfusion (All others components of
blood.)
(3)
Capillaries (All others are parts respiratory system. Capillaries exist
throughout the body.)
(4)
Neutrophils (All others are proteins present in the plasma.)
Q.
3 Match the columns/Find out my partner
:
Group 'A' Group 'B'
(1)
Heartbeats (a) 350 ml
(2)
RBC
(b) 7.4
(3)
WBC
(c) 37° C
(4)
Blood donation (d) 72 per min
(5)
Normal body temperature (e)
50-60 lakh/mm3
(6)
pH of oxygenated blood (f)
5000-6000 per mm3
Ans.
(1) Heartbeats - 72 per min
(2)
RBC - 50-60 lakh /mm3
(3)
WBC - 5000-6000 per mm
(4)
Blood donation - 350 ml
(5)
Normal body temperature - 37°C
(6)
pH of oxygenated blood - 7.4
Q
4. Complete the following table:
Organ systems Organs Function
(1) Respiratory system
(2) Circulatory system
|
Organ
systems |
Organ |
Function |
|
(1)
Respiratory system |
Nose |
For
inhalation and exhalation. The air is filtered and made little warm when
breath passes through nose. |
|
Pharynx |
Common
passage for food and air. Leads to trachea and oesophagus. |
|
|
Wind
pipe (Trachea) |
Takes
air to lungs. Bifurcates into two bronchi |
|
|
Lungs
|
Provides
space for respiratory gaseous exchange. |
|
|
Alveolus |
Actual
gaseous exchange by taking in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide |
|
|
Diaphragm |
By
contractions and relaxation it makes breathing movements possible. |
|
|
(2)
Circulatory system |
Heart |
Muscular
pump that can send the blood throughout the body. |
|
Arteries |
Carry
blood away from heart to all the parts of the body. Except for pulmonary
artery, all other arteries carry oxygenated blood to supply oxygen to each
and every cell. |
|
|
Veins |
Carry
blood to the heart. Except for pulmonary veins all other veins carry
deoxygenated blood from all the body cells to the heart. |
|
|
Blood
capillaries |
Each
important vital organ is provided with capillary network. Exchange of oxygen,
nutrients, hormones, vitamins, etc. takes place through the capillary wall.
Such useful substances are sent towards the cells and waste materials are
taken from the cells. |
|
|
Blood
cells |
Various
functions depending upon the type of blood cells. RBC : Carrying oxygen and
carbon dioxide. WBC : Soldiers of the body. Produce antibodies and fight
against germs of diseases. Platelets : Carry out important function in blood
clotting. |
|
|
Plasma |
Many
proteins present in the plasma which carry out definite functions. Plasma
also gives fluidity to the blood. |
Q
5. Explain the differences:
(1) External and internal respiration :
External
respiration Internal respiration
1. Intake of air from the outside into the body 1. Exchange of gases between cells and
tissue
and release of air from the body to outside is fluid is called internal respiration.
Is called external environment.
2.
External respiration occurs between cells 2.
Internal respiration occurs only in the cells
and
the external environment. of
the body.
3. It involve processes of inspiration and 3. It involves movement
of O2 from
blood
expiration. into
tissue fluid and movement of CO2
from
tissue.
4.
External respiration involves breathing 4.
Internal respiration involves neither
and
gaseous exchange. breathing
nor gaseous exchange.
5.
Oxygen combines with haemoglobin in 5. Chemical reactions occur in
the cells to
external respiration. form energy.
(2)
Arteries and veins :
Arteries Veins
1.Arteries
carry blood away from the heart 1. Veins carry blood from the
tissues of the
to
the tissues of the body. body back to the heart.
2. Arteries are located deeper within the 2. Veins are usually located
superficially
body.
beneath the surface of the skin.
3.
Arteries are thick walled. 3. Veins are thin walled.
4.
Arteries do not have valves. 4. Veins have valves.
5.
Arteries would generally remain open if 5. Veins would collapse if blood flow
stops.
blood
flow stopped, due to their thick
muscular
layer.
6.
Except pulmonary artery, all arteries 6. Except pulmonary vein, all veins
carry
carry
oxygenated blood. deoxygenated
blood.
7.
Arteries are more muscular than veins, 7. Veins are less muscular than arteries, but
which helps in transporting blood that is contain valves to help keep
blood flowing
full
of oxygen efficiently to the tissues. in the right direction, usually
toward the heart.
8. There is maximum blood pressure in the 8. There is minimum blood pressure
in the
arteries. veins.
Q.
6 Read the following paragraph and identify the disease.
Today, her child became one and half year old.
However, that child does not seem to be healthy and happy. It was continuously
crying and gradually becoming weak. It has shortness of breath. Its nails have
become blue.
Ans.
The heart of the child is not functioning properly. Bluish nails show lack of
oxygen, thus the baby may be suffering also from respiratory problems.
Q
7. Give scientific reasons.
(1) Upward and downward movement of diaphragm
occurs consecutively,
Ans.
The breathing movements are possible due to contraction and relaxation of the
diaphragm. The rib muscles also help in these movements. When the ribs rise and
diaphragm is lowered at the same time, then there is a decrease in pressure on
lungs. This causes movement of air into the lungs at the time of inhalation. On
the other hand, when ribs come back to their normal position and diaphragm is
risen, then pressure on the lungs increases. This causes movement of the air
out of the body through the nose in the form of exhalation. These movements are
possible only due to consecutive upward and downward movement of the diaphragm.
(2)
Human blood is red coloured.
Ans.
The red colour of human blood is due to haemoglobin which is a red coloured
conjugated protein with iron that is present on the red blood cells. Therefore,
it looks red.
(3)
Blood donation is considered to be superior of all donations.
Ans.
Blood cannot be manufactured by any artificial chemical process. The only way
to obtain blood is by donations of blood from a live donor. Blood is needed at
times of emergency. The life of person can be saved if timely blood transfusion
is given to the needy victim or a patient. Since such donation can save a
valuable human life, it is called superior of all donations.
(4)
Person with 'O' blood group is considered as 'universal donor'.
Ans.
Person with 'O' blood group does not have
any antigen on his/her RBCs. The '0' type blood thus cannot cause clotting
reactions in the body of the recipients. Such persons with 'O' blood group can
donate blood to any person having any blood group therefore they are considered
as 'universal donor'.
(5)
Food must have limited amount of salts.
Ans. More salt in diet means more sodium ions. These extra
sodium salts cause rise in blood pressure. Such condition is called
hypertension. This condition can be dangerous and fatal in some cases.
Therefore, one must keep control over sodium content of the food.
Q
8. Answer the following:
1.Explain the
functional correlation of circulatory system with respiratory, digestive and
excretory system.
Ans.
(1) Three systems viz. respiratory. digestive and circulatory always work in
coordination
(2)
Digestive system helps in breaking down complex food molecules into simple
soluble nutrients at the end of the digestion process.
(3)
The soluble nutrients are absorbed in the circulating blood in the villi of the
intestine.
(4)
The blood carries these nutrients to each cell during its circulation.
(5)
The respiratory system helps the oxygen from the air to be absorbed in the
blood.
(6)
This process takes place in alveolus present in lungs. The oxygen is absorbed
in the blood and through haemoglobin it is taken to every cell of the body.
At
the same time the unwanted carbon dioxide produced in each cell is given out in
a process of gaseous exchange.
(7)
The soluble nutrients, and chiefly glucose is metabolized with the help of
oxygen producing energy.
Thus,
all the three systems bring about coordinated functions to keep the body alive.
(2) Explain the
structure and function of human blood.
Ans.
I. Structure, i.e.
components of the human blood : Human blood is a fluid connective tissue
consisting of blood plasma and blood corpuscles suspended in it.
(1)
Plasma : Plasma is the fluid part of the blood which is pale yellow in colour.
It is slightly alkaline in nature. It has 90-92% water, 6-8 % proteins and 1-2
% inorganic salts.
It
contains proteins such as albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, etc. There are
inorganic ions such as Ca, Na and K.
(2)
Blood cells :
(a)
Blood cells are mainly of three types, viz. RBCs, WBCs and blood platelets.
They are produced in the red bone marrow.
(b)
RBCs are small, circular and enucleated cells. They are full of haemoglobin
which is essential in transporting oxygen. RBCs are red blood cells which are
50 to 60 lakh per cubic millimetre. Their life span is 100 to 127 days.
(c)
WBCs are large, nucleated and colourless. They are of five subtypes, viz. neutrophils,
basophils, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes. They are 5 to 10 thousands
per millimetre of blood.
(d)
Platelets are very small disc-shaped blood cells which are 2.5 to 4 lakh per
cubic millimetre of blood.
II. Function of human
blood :
(1) Transport functions:
(a) Gases : Oxygen is carried via
blood from lungs to cells in various parts of body and carbon dioxide from
tissues to lungs.
(b) Nutrients : Simple nutrients
like glucose, amino acids, fatty acids are taken up by blood from wall of
alimentary canal and transported up to each cell in the body.
(c) Waste materials : Nitrogenous
wastes like ammonia, urea, creatinine are released by tissues into blood which
carries those to kidney for excretion.
(d) Enzymes and hormones : Blood
transports the enzymes and hormones from the site of their production to the
site of their action
(2) Protection : Antibodies are
produced in the blood and they protect the body from microbes and other harmful
particles.
(3) Thermoregulation : Body temperature is maintained constant at 37 °C by
vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
(4)
Maintaining the balance of minerals like Na, K in the body.
(5)
If bleeding occurs at the injury, platelets and a protein called fibrinogen of
the blood form a clot and seal the injury.
(6) Functions of blood cells :
RBCs
: With haemoglobin it carries out transport of respiratory gases.
WBCs
: Soldiers of the body. Produce antibodies and give immunity to body.
Platelets : Help in blood clotting.
(3)
Explain the importance and need of blood donation.
Ans.
Blood can never be synthesized artificially. There is no substitute for natural
blood.
Every healthy person possesses about 5 litres of blood in his or her body. In
case of haemorrhage i.e. blood loss, the blood volume may reduce which can
result into threat to life. Moreover, the loss of blood should be immediately
taken care of, otherwise it may cost the life.
Therefore
blood transfusion is very crucial in case of victims of accidents, patients of
surgeries or mothers who suffer from blood loss during childbirth
(parturition). Some diseases such as thalassemia, blood cancer, etc. also need
regular transfusions. Therefore, blood is always needed in many such
conditions. Blood donation is only option for such transfusions.
Q 9.(1) Draw a neat and labelled diagram of
Respiratory system:
